{
  "schema": "https://aptatlas.org/data/v4.6/evidence.schema.json",
  "name": "evidence",
  "title": "Evidence base",
  "version": "4.6",
  "last_updated": "2026-11-04",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "citation": "Whelan CD, Smith-Byrne K. Atlas of Proteomic Technologies: an evidence-based framework for selecting and combining commercial proteomics platforms. bioRxiv 2026. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.10.750723",
  "archive_doi": "10.5281/zenodo.22697191",
  "third_party": [],
  "data": [
    {
      "id": "eldjarn-2023",
      "shortCitation": "Eldjarn et al., 2023",
      "fullCitation": "Eldjarn GH, et al. Large-scale plasma proteomics comparisons through genetics and disease associations. Nature. 2023.",
      "year": 2023,
      "journal": "Nature",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "54,265 UK Biobank (Olink) and 35,892 Icelanders (SomaScan); 1,514 Icelanders measured on both",
      "participants": 90157,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 1514,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "eldjarn-2023-1",
          "text": "Compared Olink Explore 3072 in UK Biobank with SomaScan v4 in Iceland; 1,514 Icelanders were measured on both.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "1,514",
              "about": "participants measured on both"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Main",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "eldjarn-2023-2",
          "text": "A cis-pQTL was found for a similar number of assays on each platform (2,101 Olink, 2,120 SomaScan), but for a larger share of Olink assays (72% vs 43%).",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "2,101",
              "about": "Olink assays with a cis-pQTL"
            },
            {
              "value": "2,120",
              "about": "SomaScan assays with a cis-pQTL"
            },
            {
              "value": "72%",
              "about": "share of Olink assays with a cis-pQTL"
            },
            {
              "value": "43%",
              "about": "share of SomaScan assays with a cis-pQTL"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Table 1",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "eldjarn-2023-3",
          "text": "Modest cross-platform correlation: median Spearman 0.33 across 1,848 proteins in the 1,514 Icelanders measured on both.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.33",
              "about": "median Spearman"
            },
            {
              "value": "1,848",
              "about": "proteins compared"
            },
            {
              "value": "1,514",
              "about": "participants measured on both"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "eldjarn-2023-4",
          "text": "63% of SomaScan trans-pQTL associations involved a variant associated with more than 10 proteins, vs 52% for Olink; 28% of SomaScan proteins with any pQTL had only such non-specific trans-pQTLs, vs 8% on Olink.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "specificity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "63%",
              "about": "SomaScan sentinel trans-pQTL associations involving a variant linked to more than 10 proteins"
            },
            {
              "value": "52%",
              "about": "the same share for Olink"
            },
            {
              "value": "10",
              "about": "protein threshold"
            },
            {
              "value": "28%",
              "about": "SomaScan proteins with only such trans-pQTLs"
            },
            {
              "value": "8%",
              "about": "the same share for Olink"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "eldjarn-2023-5",
          "text": "The choice of platform can change conclusions in disease studies (examples: heart failure, Alzheimer's disease, inflammatory bowel disease); the differences at times give useful complementarity.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "disease_association"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, disease associations",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06563-x",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41586-023-06563-x",
      "landmark": true,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": "Sun et al. 2023 report 54,219 for the same UKB-PPP cohort."
    },
    {
      "id": "katz-2022",
      "shortCitation": "Katz et al., 2022",
      "fullCitation": "Katz DH, et al. Proteomic profiling platforms head to head: leveraging genetics and clinical traits to compare aptamer- and antibody-based methods. Science Advances. 2022.",
      "year": 2022,
      "journal": "Science Advances",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "787 measured on both platforms: 568 Jackson Heart Study, 219 HERITAGE",
      "participants": 787,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 787,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "katz-2022-1",
          "text": "Compared Olink Explore with SomaScan 1.3K and 5K on precision, accuracy, breadth and phenotypic associations in 568 Jackson Heart Study and 219 HERITAGE participants.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "568",
              "about": "Jackson Heart Study participants"
            },
            {
              "value": "219",
              "about": "HERITAGE participants"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "katz-2022-2",
          "text": "Modest cross-platform correlation for shared targets: median Spearman 0.44 with SomaScan 1.3K, 0.35 with SomaScan 5K.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.44",
              "about": "median Spearman with SomaScan 1.3K"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.35",
              "about": "median Spearman with SomaScan 5K"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results, SomaScan 5K comparison",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "katz-2022-3",
          "text": "Olink gave more phenotypic associations, including among overlapping proteins; SomaScan gave more reproducible measurements and greater breadth.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "disease_association",
            "precision",
            "coverage"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results; Discussion",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "katz-2022-4",
          "text": "Cis-pQTLs supported more Olink reagents than SomaScan 1.3K reagents: 40% vs 28% at P < 1×10⁻⁵, 25% vs 16% at genome-wide significance.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "specificity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "40%",
              "about": "Olink reagents supported, P < 1×10⁻⁵"
            },
            {
              "value": "28%",
              "about": "SomaScan 1.3K reagents supported, P < 1×10⁻⁵"
            },
            {
              "value": "25%",
              "about": "Olink reagents supported, genome-wide"
            },
            {
              "value": "16%",
              "about": "SomaScan 1.3K reagents supported, genome-wide"
            },
            {
              "value": "1×10⁻⁵",
              "about": "P threshold"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results, \"Accuracy\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9390994/",
      "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.abm5164",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kirsher-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Kirsher et al., 2025",
      "fullCitation": "Kirsher DY, Chand S, Phong A, Nguyen B, Szoke BG, Ahadi S. Current landscape of plasma proteomics from technical innovations to biological insights and biomarker discovery. Communications Chemistry. 2025;8:279.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "Communications Chemistry",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep",
        "nulisa",
        "seer-proteograph",
        "biognosys-truediscovery"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "78 plasma donors (40 aged, 38 young), measured on all eight platforms",
      "participants": 78,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 78,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "kirsher-2025-1",
          "text": "Direct comparison of eight platforms on plasma from the same 78 donors: SomaScan 11K and 7K, Olink Explore HT and 3072, NULISA, Seer Proteograph XT, Biognosys TrueDiscovery and SureQuant targeted MS.",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "nulisa",
            "seer-proteograph",
            "biognosys-truediscovery",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "eight",
              "about": "platforms compared"
            },
            {
              "value": "78",
              "about": "plasma donors"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results; Fig. 1",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "kirsher-2025-2",
          "text": "SomaScan achieved best precision (median CV 5.3% for 11K, 5.8% for 7K).",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "precision"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "5.3%",
              "about": "median CV, SomaScan 11K"
            },
            {
              "value": "5.8%",
              "about": "median CV, SomaScan 7K"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "kirsher-2025-3",
          "text": "Olink Explore HT median CV ~26.8%; Seer ~26.4%; Biognosys ~29.8%",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "seer-proteograph",
            "biognosys-truediscovery"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "precision"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "26.8%",
              "about": "median CV, Olink Explore HT"
            },
            {
              "value": "26.4%",
              "about": "median CV, Seer"
            },
            {
              "value": "29.8%",
              "about": "median CV, Biognosys"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "kirsher-2025-4",
          "text": "Agreement varied by pair: SomaScan 11K vs 7K 0.79; Olink HT vs 3072 0.74; NULISA vs Olink 0.75 to 0.79; the highest affinity-to-MS correlation was 0.62 (Olink 3072 vs targeted MS). Per-protein correlations were often bimodal.",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "nulisa",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.79",
              "about": "SomaScan 11K vs 7K, and upper NULISA vs Olink"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.74",
              "about": "Olink HT vs 3072"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.75 to 0.79",
              "about": "NULISA vs Olink"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.62",
              "about": "highest affinity-to-MS, Olink 3072 vs targeted MS"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results, \"Correlations between shared proteins\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "kirsher-2025-5",
          "text": "Platform choice should be driven by study-specific priorities",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "nulisa",
            "seer-proteograph",
            "biognosys-truediscovery"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Discussion",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "kirsher-2025-6",
          "text": "Supplementary Data 8 (MS-HAP Depletion arm) provides the Atlas's Biognosys TrueDiscovery protein list, 3,575 proteins by primary UniProt accession, a matched-cohort depletion-workflow list used from v2.8 in place of the earlier PQ500 spectral-library list",
          "platforms": [
            "biognosys-truediscovery"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "catalogue_source"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "3,575",
              "about": "proteins on the MS-HAP Depletion list"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results; Supplementary Data 8",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42004-025-01665-1",
      "doi": "10.1038/s42004-025-01665-1",
      "landmark": true,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "rooney-2023",
      "shortCitation": "Rooney et al., 2023",
      "fullCitation": "Rooney MR, et al. Comparison of proteomic measurements across platforms in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Clinical Chemistry. 2023.",
      "year": 2023,
      "journal": "Clinical Chemistry",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "427 ARIC participants measured on both platforms",
      "participants": 427,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 427,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "rooney-2023-1",
          "text": "Comparison in 427 ARIC participants at visit 5 (2011 to 2013).",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "427",
              "about": "ARIC participants"
            },
            {
              "value": "2011 to 2013",
              "about": "years of visit 5"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rooney-2023-2",
          "text": "SomaScan v4 vs Olink Proseek head-to-head on the same samples: 417 protein comparisons (366 unique proteins).",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "417",
              "about": "protein comparisons"
            },
            {
              "value": "366",
              "about": "unique proteins"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rooney-2023-3",
          "text": "Average cross-platform correlation r = 0.46 (range -0.21 to 0.97); 19% of pairs had r ≥ 0.8.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.46",
              "about": "average correlation"
            },
            {
              "value": "-0.21 to 0.97",
              "about": "range"
            },
            {
              "value": "19%",
              "about": "pairs at or above the threshold"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.8",
              "about": "correlation threshold"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rooney-2023-4",
          "text": "About half of proteins showed good or modest correlation and half poor; the authors advise that study design account for this variation protein by protein.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract, Conclusions",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36508319/",
      "doi": "10.1093/clinchem/hvac186",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": "Disclosure: SomaLogic ran SomaScan on ARIC samples at no charge under a collaboration agreement with Johns Hopkins, and one author is a scientific advisor to SomaLogic.",
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "rooney-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Rooney et al., 2025",
      "fullCitation": "Rooney MR, et al. Correlations within and between highly multiplexed proteomic assays of human plasma. Clinical Chemistry. 2025;71:677-687.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "Clinical Chemistry",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "102 ARIC participants measured on both platforms",
      "participants": 102,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 102,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "rooney-2025-1",
          "text": "Precision of SomaScan 11k and Olink Explore HT in split plasma samples from 102 ARIC participants: median CV 6.8% and 35.7%.",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "precision"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "102",
              "about": "ARIC participants"
            },
            {
              "value": "6.8%",
              "about": "median CV, SomaScan 11k"
            },
            {
              "value": "35.7%",
              "about": "median CV, Olink Explore HT"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "abstract"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rooney-2025-2",
          "text": "Cross-platform correlations for 4,443 overlapping proteins peaked near r = 0 and r = 0.8, and one-tenth of pairs had r ≥ 0.8. The median was 0.14, below the 0.33 reported for earlier platform versions.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "4,443",
              "about": "overlapping proteins"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.8",
              "about": "upper peak and threshold"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.14",
              "about": "median correlation"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.33",
              "about": "median for earlier platform versions"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results, \"Comparability of Overlapping Proteins on SomaScan 11K vs Olink Explore HT\", p. 680",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rooney-2025-3",
          "text": "Olink Explore HT precision tracks detectability (r = -0.77 with percent of samples above the limit of detection); its median CV falls to 13.3% when below-LOD values are set to half the LOD.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "precision"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "-0.77",
              "about": "correlation of precision with percent above the limit of detection"
            },
            {
              "value": "13.3%",
              "about": "median CV with below-LOD values set to half the LOD"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "abstract"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rooney-2025-4",
          "text": "Precision of the two platforms has diverged as coverage has increased.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "precision"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract, Conclusions",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "abstract"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaf030",
      "doi": "10.1093/clinchem/hvaf030",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": "Disclosure: SomaLogic provided the assays at no cost and had no control over design or analysis; one author served on its scientific advisory committee in 2022-2023.",
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "haslam-2022",
      "shortCitation": "Haslam et al., 2022",
      "fullCitation": "Haslam DE, et al. Stability and reproducibility of proteomic profiles in epidemiological studies: comparing the Olink and SOMAscan platforms. Proteomics. 2022.",
      "year": 2022,
      "journal": "Proteomics",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "104 participants across four Olink experiments; 53 of them also on SomaScan (14 delayed-processing, 39 sampled one year apart)",
      "participants": 104,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 53,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "haslam-2022-1",
          "text": "Compared stability and reproducibility of Olink (972 proteins) and SOMAscan 7K (6,596 proteins) in archived plasma.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "stability",
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "972",
              "about": "Olink proteins"
            },
            {
              "value": "6,596",
              "about": "SOMAscan 7K proteins"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "haslam-2022-2",
          "text": "Both platforms showed reproducibility in archived plasma and stability after delayed processing; over 90% of assays were stable (ICC or r ≥ 0.40) in samples collected a year apart.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "stability"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "90%",
              "about": "assays stable a year apart, lower bound"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.40",
              "about": "stability threshold"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "haslam-2022-3",
          "text": "With processing delayed by up to 48 hours, more Olink than SOMAscan assays stayed stable: 55% vs 44% at ICC or r ≥ 0.75, 87% vs 72% at ≥ 0.40.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "stability"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "48 hours",
              "about": "longest processing delay"
            },
            {
              "value": "55%",
              "about": "Olink assays stable at 0.75"
            },
            {
              "value": "44%",
              "about": "SOMAscan assays stable at 0.75"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.75",
              "about": "stability threshold"
            },
            {
              "value": "87%",
              "about": "Olink assays stable at 0.40"
            },
            {
              "value": "72%",
              "about": "SOMAscan assays stable at 0.40"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.40",
              "about": "stability threshold"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "haslam-2022-4",
          "text": "Among 817 proteins on both platforms, correlations were high (r > 0.75) for 14.7% and poor (r < 0.40) for 44.8%.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "817",
              "about": "proteins on both"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.75",
              "about": "high-correlation threshold"
            },
            {
              "value": "14.7%",
              "about": "proteins above it"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.40",
              "about": "poor-correlation threshold"
            },
            {
              "value": "44.8%",
              "about": "proteins below it"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35598103/",
      "doi": "10.1002/pmic.202100170",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pietzner-2026",
      "shortCitation": "Pietzner et al., 2026",
      "fullCitation": "Pietzner M, et al. Nanoparticle-enriched mass spectrometry proteomics in British South Asians identifies links between genetic variants, plasma protein levels and disease risk. Nature Genetics. 2026;58:1866-1876.",
      "year": 2026,
      "journal": "Nature Genetics",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "seer-proteograph",
        "illumina-protein-prep",
        "olink-explore-ht"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "1,464 Genes & Health participants; 1,396 measured on all three platforms",
      "participants": 1464,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 1396,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "pietzner-2026-1",
          "text": "Compared nanoparticle-enriched MS (Seer Proteograph XT) with SomaLogic 11k and Olink Explore HT in British South Asian participants; 1,396 were measured on all three.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph",
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design",
            "ancestry"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "1,396",
              "about": "participants on all three"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results; Methods",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "pietzner-2026-2",
          "text": "Seer detected 8,079 protein groups at least once, 5,768 of them in at least 70% of samples.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "coverage"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "8,079",
              "about": "protein groups detected at least once"
            },
            {
              "value": "5,768",
              "about": "protein groups in at least 70% of samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "70%",
              "about": "sample threshold"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results; Methods",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "pietzner-2026-3",
          "text": "Showed the potential of MS-based proteomics for pQTL discovery in non-European ancestries: over 1,200 locus-protein associations, more than half not previously reported.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "ancestry"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "1,200",
              "about": "locus-protein associations, lower bound"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "pietzner-2026-4",
          "text": "About one-third of the protein groups detected were not captured by the affinity platforms. Protein-altering variants mapped to 38.8% of MS cis-pQTLs, and peptide-level evidence helped clarify genetic mechanisms.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "coverage",
            "pqtl"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "38.8%",
              "about": "MS cis-pQTLs with protein-altering variants"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Discussion; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "pietzner-2026-5",
          "text": "Multiple platforms are needed to capture the full spectrum of pQTLs. Most disagreement between platforms was technical (54 to 67% explained by technical factors).",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "54 to 67%",
              "about": "disagreement explained by technical factors"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-026-02697-6",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41588-026-02697-6",
      "landmark": true,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "feng-2023",
      "shortCitation": "Feng et al., 2023 (NULISA)",
      "fullCitation": "Feng W, et al. NULISA: a proteomic liquid biopsy platform with attomolar sensitivity and high multiplexing. Nature Communications. 2023;14:7238.",
      "year": 2023,
      "journal": "Nature Communications",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "nulisa"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "151 samples from 79 healthy donors and 72 patients (assay validation)",
      "participants": null,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": null,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "feng-2023-1",
          "text": "Attomolar-level sensitivity: limit of detection 10 aM (0.24 fg/mL) for HIV p24 in plasma.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "sensitivity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "10 aM",
              "about": "limit of detection, HIV p24"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.24 fg/mL",
              "about": "the same limit by mass"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "feng-2023-2",
          "text": "Dual capture-and-release mechanism suppresses assay background, improving proximity ligation sensitivity about 10,000-fold.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "sensitivity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "10,000-fold",
              "about": "sensitivity improvement"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "feng-2023-3",
          "text": "200-plex panel was more sensitive than a proximity extension assay (Olink Explore) for low-abundance biomarkers in patients with autoimmune diseases and COVID-19.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa",
            "olink-explore-ht"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "sensitivity",
            "disease_association"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "200-plex",
              "about": "panel size"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"NULISAseq comparison with other immunoassays\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "feng-2023-4",
          "text": "195 of 204 targets were detected in more than half of 151 samples (79 healthy donors, 72 patients).",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "coverage",
            "sensitivity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "195",
              "about": "targets detected in more than half of samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "204",
              "about": "targets"
            },
            {
              "value": "151",
              "about": "samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "79",
              "about": "healthy donors"
            },
            {
              "value": "72",
              "about": "patients"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42834-x",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41467-023-42834-x",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": true,
      "vendorAuthorship": "Vendor-authored (Alamar Biosciences)",
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dagher-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Dagher et al., 2025 (nELISA)",
      "fullCitation": "Dagher M, et al. nELISA: a high-throughput, high-plex platform enables quantitative profiling of the inflammatory secretome. Nature Methods. 2025;22:2375-2385.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "Nature Methods",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "nomic-omni"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "7,392 cell-culture samples from PBMCs of 6 donors (assay validation; no participant cohort)",
      "participants": null,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": null,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "dagher-2025-1",
          "text": "A 191-plex inflammation panel profiled 7,392 PBMC samples, about 1.4 million measurements.",
          "platforms": [
            "nomic-omni"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "191-plex",
              "about": "panel size"
            },
            {
              "value": "7,392",
              "about": "PBMC samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "1.4 million",
              "about": "measurements"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "dagher-2025-2",
          "text": "Antibody pairs are preassembled on barcoded beads; in spike-in testing of the 191-plex panel, 5 of more than 36,000 possible noncognate interactions were detected.",
          "platforms": [
            "nomic-omni"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "specificity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "191-plex",
              "about": "panel size"
            },
            {
              "value": "5",
              "about": "noncognate interactions detected"
            },
            {
              "value": "36,000",
              "about": "possible noncognate interactions, lower bound"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "dagher-2025-3",
          "text": "1,536 wells per day on one cytometer in 384-well format; 7,392 samples on a 191-plex panel in under one week.",
          "platforms": [
            "nomic-omni"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "throughput"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "1,536",
              "about": "wells per day"
            },
            {
              "value": "384-well",
              "about": "plate format"
            },
            {
              "value": "7,392",
              "about": "samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "191-plex",
              "about": "panel size"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results; Discussion",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "dagher-2025-4",
          "text": "Described as cost-efficient, with reagent savings and cost advantages over MS and sequencing-based platforms. No per-sample price is reported.",
          "platforms": [
            "nomic-omni"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cost"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Discussion",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "dagher-2025-5",
          "text": "Quantification across seven orders of magnitude, with sub-pg/mL sensitivity.",
          "platforms": [
            "nomic-omni"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "quantification",
            "sensitivity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "seven",
              "about": "orders of magnitude"
            },
            {
              "value": "sub-pg/mL",
              "about": "sensitivity"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-025-02861-6",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41592-025-02861-6",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": true,
      "vendorAuthorship": "Vendor-authored (Nomic Bio)",
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sissala-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Sissala et al., 2025",
      "fullCitation": "Sissala N, Babačić H, Leo IR, et al. Comparative evaluation of Olink Explore 3072 and mass spectrometry with peptide fractionation for plasma proteomics. Communications Chemistry. 2025;8:327.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "Communications Chemistry",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "other-ms"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "114 patients by mass spectrometry; 88 of them also by Olink",
      "participants": 114,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 88,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "sissala-2025-1",
          "text": "Compared HiRIEF LC-MS/MS with Olink Explore 3072 on 88 plasma samples; 1,129 proteins were measured by both.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "88",
              "about": "plasma samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "1,129",
              "about": "proteins measured by both"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "sissala-2025-2",
          "text": "Median cross-platform Spearman correlation ρ=0.59 (IQR 0.33–0.75); rises to ρ=0.68 on high-quality subset",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.59",
              "about": "median Spearman"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.33–0.75",
              "about": "interquartile range"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.68",
              "about": "median in the high-quality subset"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "sissala-2025-3",
          "text": "Platforms exhibit complementary coverage: Olink stronger at low-abundance targets; MS stronger at mid-to-high abundance",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "coverage",
            "sensitivity"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "sissala-2025-4",
          "text": "Tier 1 pQTL proteins (Eldjarn confidence tiers) showed higher MS–Olink agreement (ρ=0.71 vs ρ=0.50 for tier 3)",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation",
            "pqtl"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.71",
              "about": "MS-Olink correlation, tier 1"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.50",
              "about": "MS-Olink correlation, tier 3"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "sissala-2025-5",
          "text": "In most cases, MS–Olink correlations here were higher than the Olink–SomaScan correlations reported for matching proteins in earlier studies.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "sissala-2025-6",
          "text": "Note: MS method is HiRIEF LC-MS/MS (DDA, TMT-labelled), not Seer Proteograph XT; Olink panel is Explore 3072, not HT",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "other-ms"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-025-01753-2",
      "doi": "10.1038/s42004-025-01753-2",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "bahai-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Bahai et al., 2025 (PRECISE-SG100K)",
      "fullCitation": "Bahai A, et al. High-throughput plasma proteomic platforms: Insights from a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. bioRxiv. 2025.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "bioRxiv",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep",
        "seer-proteograph"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "500 PRECISE-SG100K participants on SomaScan; 216 also on Olink, 50 also on Seer",
      "participants": 500,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 216,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "bahai-2025-1",
          "text": "Pilot for planned profiling of all 100,000 PRECISE-SG100K participants: 500 participants on SomaScan 11K, 216 of them also on Olink Explore HT, 50 also on MS-Seer.",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "100,000",
              "about": "participants planned"
            },
            {
              "value": "500",
              "about": "participants on SomaScan 11K"
            },
            {
              "value": "216",
              "about": "also on Olink Explore HT"
            },
            {
              "value": "50",
              "about": "also on MS-Seer"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results",
            "version": "preprint",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "bahai-2025-2",
          "text": "Three-platform comparison in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort (Chinese, Indian and Malay).",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "study_design",
            "ancestry"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "preprint",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "bahai-2025-3",
          "text": "Protein levels differed between ethnic groups. SomaScan identified more ethnicity-differentiated proteins than Olink, and 191 proteins were robust across datasets.",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "ancestry"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "191",
              "about": "proteins robust across datasets"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results",
            "version": "preprint",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "bahai-2025-4",
          "text": "Limited overlap (1,740 proteins across all three platforms) and modest median correlations (0.10 to 0.34).",
          "platforms": [
            "illumina-protein-prep",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "coverage",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "1,740",
              "about": "proteins on all three"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.10 to 0.34",
              "about": "median correlations"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "preprint",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.682486v1.full.pdf",
      "doi": "10.1101/2025.10.24.682486",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "rea-reyes-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Rea Reyes et al., 2025",
      "fullCitation": "Rea Reyes RE, Wilson RE, Langhough RE, et al. Targeted proteomic biomarker profiling using NULISA in a cohort enriched with risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2025;21:e70166.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "Alzheimer's & Dementia",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "nulisa"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "252 plasma samples on the NULISAseq CNS panel; 218 also measured by Simoa p-tau217",
      "participants": null,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": null,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "rea-reyes-2025-1",
          "text": "NULISAseq p-tau217 classified amyloid and tau PET status with areas under the curve of 0.92 and 0.86.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "disease_association"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.92",
              "about": "AUC, amyloid PET"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.86",
              "about": "AUC, tau PET"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"NULISAseq CNS pTau217 performance\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rea-reyes-2025-2",
          "text": "NULISAseq p-tau217 correlated with Simoa p-tau217 (r = 0.84, n = 218), and the two assays were comparable for amyloid PET, both with areas under the curve above 0.90.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.84",
              "about": "correlation with Simoa p-tau217"
            },
            {
              "value": "218",
              "about": "samples"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.90",
              "about": "AUC lower bound for amyloid PET"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results, \"NULISAseq CNS pTau217 performance\"; Fig. 1",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rea-reyes-2025-3",
          "text": "The panel also measures ApoE4 protein, which was raised in amyloid-positive participants; the authors attribute this to the higher prevalence of APOE ε4.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Results, \"Differential protein expression\"; Discussion",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "rea-reyes-2025-4",
          "text": "Phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP43-409) was raised in impaired participants and correlated with hippocampal volume decline and cognitive trajectories; the authors say this needs replication.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "disease_association"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70166",
      "doi": "10.1002/alz.70166",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": true,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "zeng-2024",
      "shortCitation": "Zeng et al., 2024",
      "fullCitation": "Zeng X, Lafferty TK, Sehrawat A, et al. Multi-analyte proteomic analysis identifies blood-based neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular and synaptic biomarkers in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2024;19:68.",
      "year": 2024,
      "journal": "Molecular Neurodegeneration",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "nulisa"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "176 plasma samples from 113 MYHAT-NI participants on the NULISAseq CNS panel; classical biomarkers also measured by Simoa",
      "participants": null,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": null,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "zeng-2024-1",
          "text": "NULISAseq CNS panel measured 116 plasma biomarkers, with 97.2 ± 13.9% of targets above assay limits of detection.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "coverage",
            "sensitivity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "116",
              "about": "plasma biomarkers"
            },
            {
              "value": "97.2 ± 13.9%",
              "about": "targets above limits of detection"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Technical performance and head-to-head comparison\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "zeng-2024-2",
          "text": "p-tau217 was the top marker of amyloid PET pathology (AUC 0.930 after adjustment for age, sex and APOE genotype).",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "disease_association"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "0.930",
              "about": "AUC, amyloid PET"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Technical performance and head-to-head comparison\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "zeng-2024-3",
          "text": "Classical Alzheimer's biomarkers correlated significantly with Simoa assays.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "zeng-2024-4",
          "text": "Neuroinflammation, synaptic and cerebrovascular proteins showed tau PET-dependent longitudinal changes; the authors say these need further validation.",
          "platforms": [
            "nulisa"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "cns",
            "disease_association"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-024-00753-5",
      "doi": "10.1186/s13024-024-00753-5",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": true,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "suhre-2025",
      "shortCitation": "Suhre et al., 2025",
      "fullCitation": "Suhre K, Chen Q, Halama A, et al. A genome-wide association study of mass spectrometry proteomics using a nanoparticle enrichment platform. Nature Genetics. 2025;57:2987-2996.",
      "year": 2025,
      "journal": "Nature Genetics",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "seer-proteograph"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "1,260 discovery participants (Tarkin) and 325 replication samples (QMDiab) on the Seer Proteograph",
      "participants": null,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": null,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "suhre-2025-1",
          "text": "Genome-wide association study of MS proteomics using the Seer Proteograph workflow on a timsTOF Pro 2, reporting 35 previously unreported replicated pQTLs.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "35",
              "about": "previously unreported replicated pQTLs"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Main; Results, \"Identification of protein QTLs\"; Table 1",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "suhre-2025-2",
          "text": "Over 30% of previously reported affinity pQTLs evaluated were confirmed by MS as consistent with changes in protein abundance.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "specificity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "30%",
              "about": "affinity pQTLs confirmed, lower bound"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Analysis of pQTLs reported by orthogonal platforms\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "suhre-2025-3",
          "text": "Another 30% could not be replicated and are possibly due to epitope effects, though the authors say other explanations need case-by-case consideration.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph",
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "specificity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "30%",
              "about": "affinity pQTLs not replicated"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Analysis of pQTLs reported by orthogonal platforms\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "suhre-2025-4",
          "text": "15.3% of proteins in its pQTLs had a missingness pQTL, and the authors note that nanoparticle-enriched MS is not entirely free of epitope-like effects.",
          "platforms": [
            "seer-proteograph"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "specificity"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "15.3%",
              "about": "proteins with a missingness pQTL"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Discussion",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02413-w",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41588-025-02413-w",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": true,
      "vendorAuthorship": "Vendor co-authors (Seer)",
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "id": "nicholas-2026",
      "shortCitation": "Nicholas et al., 2026",
      "fullCitation": "Nicholas JC, Katz DH, Tahir UA, et al. Cross-ancestry comparison of aptamer and antibody protein measures. Nature Communications. 2026;17:1054.",
      "year": 2026,
      "journal": "Nature Communications",
      "platformsCompared": [
        "olink-explore-ht",
        "illumina-protein-prep"
      ],
      "sampleSize": "1,930 MESA participants measured on both SomaScan 7k and Olink Explore 3072",
      "participants": 1930,
      "participantsMultiPlatform": 1930,
      "keyFindings": [
        {
          "id": "nicholas-2026-1",
          "text": "2,157 proteins measured on both platforms; inter-platform correlations were bimodal (median r = 0.30).",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "2,157",
              "about": "proteins on both"
            },
            {
              "value": "0.30",
              "about": "median correlation"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Correlation and cross-ancestry differences\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "nicholas-2026-2",
          "text": "About 25 to 30% of genetic signals on each platform are likely driven by protein-altering variants.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "25 to 30%",
              "about": "genetic signals likely driven by protein-altering variants"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "nicholas-2026-3",
          "text": "80 proteins correlated differently across ancestry groups, likely in part because protein-altering variant frequencies differ by ancestry.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "ancestry",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [
            {
              "value": "80",
              "about": "proteins correlating differently across ancestry groups"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Correlation and cross-ancestry differences\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": "nicholas-2026-4",
          "text": "Adjusting for protein-altering variants with opposite effects by platform improved inter-platform correlation and gave more concordant genetic and phenotypic associations.",
          "platforms": [
            "olink-explore-ht",
            "illumina-protein-prep"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "pqtl",
            "correlation"
          ],
          "figures": [],
          "source": {
            "location": "Abstract; Results, \"Adjustment for ancestry-differentiated, platform-discordant pQTL\"",
            "version": "published",
            "basis": "full_text"
          }
        }
      ],
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67814-1",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-67814-1",
      "landmark": false,
      "foundational": false,
      "vendorAuthorship": null,
      "disclosureNote": null,
      "note": null
    }
  ]
}